1：不定冠词的用法

a/an有“不确定”、“不限定”的含义，泛指一类人、事物中的任何一个或随便哪一个。这种含义常用来泛指一类，或者给事物下定义，或者表示类别、种类。

A book is on the desk. (泛指)

Please buy me a book. (任何一本书)

A horse is a large animal which people can ride. (下定义)

2：定冠词的用法

1. 定冠词特指某(些)人或某(些)事物，以区别于同类中其他的人或事物。

如：The bag in the desk is mine. (桌子里的书包是我的。)

2. 在副词的最高级形式前可以加the，也可以不加the；在形容词最高级前一般要加the，

She is the most beautiful girl in our school. ( the不可省略)

She sings (the) most beautifully in our school.

3：名词性物主代词

相当于名词，在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语。

This is your cup, but where is mine?

4：another, other, the other, others, the others的区别

5：none和no one的用法

none指人或物，其后通常接表示范围的of短语，是all的全部否定形式，表示三者或三者以上的人或物都没有；no one通常只用于指人，不用于指物，且其后习惯上不接表示范围的of短语。

None of us has the key. (我们都没有钥匙。)

Everyone wants to be a hero, but no one wants to die. (每个人都想成为英雄，但没有人想死。)

6：it构成的强调句型

用以引导强调句型，可以对句子中的成分加以强调，旨在加强语气。

常用强调结构: “It is (was) + 被强调部分 + that (who)…”。

It was I who met your brother at the station yesterday. (是我昨天在车站遇见你哥哥的。)

It is French that we have been learning these years. (这些年我们一直在学法语。)

It was with great care that they did the job. (他们极认真地完成这份工作。)

7：表示时间的since, from

since指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用；from指从时间的某一点开始。

I have been waiting here since five o’clock. (我从五点一直在这儿等。)

She works from eight o’clock until four o’clock. (她从8点工作到4点。)

8：一般现在时

1. 表示经常发生的动作或现阶段的习惯性行为。

He is always ready to help others. (他总是乐于助人。)

Mary writes to her parents once a month. (玛丽每个月给她父母写一封信。)

2. 表示现在的事实或状态。

It’s very hot today. (今天很热。)\\t\\t\\tHe lives in Beijing. (他住在北京。)

3. 表示客观真理、科学事实、格言。

Three plus five is eight. (3加5等于8。)

Where there is a will, there is a way. (有志者，事竟成。)

9：现在完成时

1. 表示从过去某时间开始持续到现在的动作成状态

句中动词常用延续性动词，且常与表示长度的状语或表示到目前为止的时间状语连用，如so far, up to now, till now, all day, for, since等。

The weather has been hot so far this summer. (今年夏天到现在一直都很热。)

I have lived here for 20 years. (我在这儿已住20年了。)

2. 表示从过去到现在曾经历过或做过的事情

表示“曾经到过某地(人已回来)”用“have / has been to”，表示“到某地去了(还未回来)”用“have /has gone to”。常与often，ever，never，before，once，rarely等词连用。

He has gone to Beijing; he is not here. (他去北京了，现在不在这儿。)

I have been to Hong Kong several times. (我曾经去过香港几次。)

3. 表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果

句中动词常有表示结果的含义，如make (使……)，become (变成), come (来), lose (丢失)，grow (成长), sell (卖), buy (买), fall (落下)等。

TV has made our lives rich. (电视使我们的生活丰富多彩。)

Father has sold that old car. (父亲卖了那辆旧车。)

The leaves have fallen. (树叶落了。)

10：过去完成时

1. 表示动作或状态在过去某一时间以前已经完成。

通常与非延续性动词连用。

I had met him twice by yesterday. (在昨天以前，我见过他两次。)

After you had gone I went to sleep. (你走后我就去睡觉了。)

2. 表示动作或状态从过去某个时间开始一直延续到另一个过去时间。

常与延续性动词连用，并带有for, since , when, until等表示一段时间或表示起始的时间状语。

Until then he had known nothing about it. (直到那时他对此事还一无所知。)

She had only been there for five minutes when he came in. (她在那儿只待了5分钟，他就来了。)

11：一般将来时

表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, next week (year/month), in a few days等。

The weather report says it will rain tomorrow.

(天气预报说明天有雨。)

It’s going to rain soon. (很快就要下雨了。)

He is (about) to go abroad. (他即将出国。)

12：被动语态

被动语态由“助动词be +及物动词的过去分词”构成，如果要特别强调动作或行为的执行者时，句子后面需接by短语，译为“被(由)……”。

She wrote the letter. (她写了那封信。)

The letter was written by her. (那封信是她写的。)

13：主动形式表达被动意义

(1) want/need/require/deserve+doing = to be done; be worth (adj.) doing sth.

The window needs/requires repairing. (这扇窗户需要修理。)

The book is worth reading. (这本书值得一读。)

(2) cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash(表示主语的内在品质或性能时)等。

This knife cuts well. (这把刀很锋利。)

These books sell well. (这些书很畅销。)

(3) 感官动词：look, smell, taste, sound, feel及系动词remain, prove, turn out等。

The apples taste good. (这些苹果很好吃。)

Cotton feels soft. (棉花摸起来柔软。)

14：情态动词 + have done用法

(1) 表对过去事实的推测

15：非谓语动词

现在分词：与被修饰词之间是主动关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生

There is a gentleman asking to see you.

过去分词：与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现在已经完成

The house built last year is a cinema.

16：宾语从句

(1) 宾语从句的语序用陈述语序。

Can you imagine what kind of man he is? (你能想象他是什么样的人吗?)

(2) 如果从句太长，可以用it作形式宾语。

I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time. (我发现我们按时做作业是必要的。)

(3) 时态

当主句是一般现在时，宾语从句可根据情况采用任何时态；

I hear that he went to work an hour ago. (我听说他一小时前就去上班了。)

I hear that she will come tomorrow. (我听说她明天来。)

当主句为一般过去时，宾语从句则用过去时的某种时态。

He said he was sick. (他说他病了。)

He said he had finished his homework. (他说他已经完成了家庭作业。)

17：同位语从句

同位语从句一般跟在某些抽象名词之后，给该名词以更详细、更具体的解释或说明。可接同位语从句的名词通常是概括性的抽象名词，如: answer, belief, command, decision, demand, doubt, fact, explanation, idea, hope, news, order, problem, promise, reply, report, suggestion, thought, truth, wish等。

The fact that he had not said anything surprised anybody. (他什么话也没有说，这件事使大家很吃惊。)

I have no idea when he will be back. (我不知道他什么时候回来。)

We heard the news that our team had won. (我们听说了我们队赢了的消息。)

18：定语从句

关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、定语；其人称和数要和先行词一致，它的格取决于它在从句中充当的成分。

关系副词在定语从句中作状语，分别表示时间、地点和原因，可用“介词+ which”代替。

I will never forget the day when we met there. (我永远不会忘记我们在那里相遇的那一天。)

(when在从句中作时间状语)

This is the house where I was born. (这是我出生的房子。)

(where在从句中作地点状语)

I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. (我无法想象他拒绝我的提议的原因。)

(why在从句中原因状语)

19：特殊一致

1. 就近原则

谓语动词的单、复数形式决定于最靠近它的词语(主要指名词)的单、复数形式。主要包括：there be句型，还有连词or, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, not… but…等连接的并列成分。

There is a teacher, three students in the classroom. (教室里有一位老师，三个学生。)

Either you or I am going to the movies. (要么你去看电影，要么我去看电影。)

2. 就远原则

谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于离它较远的词语的情况。主要是指主语后面有with, together with, as well as, no less than, along with, like, rather than, but, except, including, in addition to等短语+名词时，谓语动词不受这些短语的影响，仍然与主语保持一致。

No one except my parents knows anything about it. (除了我父母谁也不知道此事。)

The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.

（这位女演员今晚和她的经理人及一些朋友一起去参加一个晚会。)