考点1：补齐缺失段落的答题技巧

1. 当所给文章是记叙文时

(1) 当缺少的是主体段落之一时

例文一：

The Stamp Incident

I can never forget the stamp incident which happened when I was a primary school pupil.

My best friend whose nickname was Apple was a stamp-collector. He tried every way to get stamps and spent every penny he had on them. Once he obtained a beautiful or precious stamp, he would be more than happy. I was always his companion in his search for stamps.

One day Apple whispered to me mysteriously that he had found a most wonderful stamp on a letter addressed to our young arithmetic teacher, who was a very pretty and kind-hearted girl. Apple wanted the stamp so badly that the idea of stealing occurred to him. I was frightened and begged him not to do that. He showed signs of much hesitation, too. Without saying any more words, he left.

That evening he hurried to my home and almost dragged me out of the house to the corner of the street and showed me the letter. It was a man’s handwriting. In the letter the man implored our teacher to forgive him and asked her to meet him at the gate of the Shanlin Park at eight that evening. If not, he’d take it that she would never forgive him, and it meant the end of their relationship.

We were completely at a loss. Too frightened to go to the teacher,

A few days later, our teacher asked Apple to go to her room and gave him many stamps. She told Apple that she once had a friend who was a stamp-collector too, but she has lost him forever, so the stamps she had collected for him were no longer useful. Apple ran to me with stamps in his hand and tears in his eyes. We both cried bitterly. From then on, Apple never collected stamps, neither did I.

在阅读以上例文后，首先要判断的是文章缺少了记叙文六要素中的哪一个或是某一个当中的一部分。下面我们来分析：时间——when I was a primary pupil, 地点——in my school, 人物——Apple and I, 起因——Apple wanted to steal the letter to my teacher for the beautiful stamp, 经过——stole the letter→found it important→did not know how to deal with, 结果——from then on, Apple and I never collected stamps

通过以上的分析，发现本文章缺少的 “经过”当中的一部分，即过程不完整。我们要做的是修补文章发展的过程，使其完整并达到事件发展的高潮。我们应由以下几方面入手：

A. 查找原文在字里行间透露的一些相关信息，以确定其发展方向，使我们的补充部分既在预料之外，又在情理之中，以此来达到最佳效果。就本文而言，从Too frightened to go to the teacher和but she has lost him forever 可以断定，这封信没有及时的到老师手中，至于Apple 和我是怎样处理的这封信，这里就有我们充分的想象空间，可以是趁着夜色把它悄悄地放回原处，但第二天发现它依然在那里；也可以是我俩当晚去了公园的门口，亲眼目睹了老师男友的焦急等待。

B. 在补充记叙文的“过程”或是其中的一部分时，一定要把事件的发展带入高潮，这就是我们谈到的“既在预料之外，又在情理之中”。

C. 在答题过程中，注意与原文在时间上的衔接，不要颠倒或是中断时间顺序。时间跨度的长短由原文而决定，我们只能遵循而不能违背。同时，要根据原文的过渡词应用特点，适当采用一些表示时间顺序的过渡词，以此来达到与原文的和谐统一。例如：after, after a while, afterward, again, also, as long as, at last, at length,at that time, at the same time,before,besides, earlier, eventually, finally, formerly, further, furthermore, in addition, next, then, etc.

(2) 当缺少的结尾段时

例文二：

My First Train Trip

To tell the truth, my first train hopping experience was really stupid but exciting, not even worth mentioning, but worth being memorized.

It was fourteen years ago. I traveled from my hometown to Beijing for my college dream.

When the train was stationary I climbed in alone, with my parents seeing me off. I was carried by the crowd in the aisle forwards stupidly before I said “good-bye” to my parents, and if not the long wander in the aisle, I hardly failed to find my seat which was not guaranteed along such routes. I tried every effort to steady my luggage and myself so as not to be overthrown.

With the welling-up tears in my eyes, the lump in my throat and the waving hand of both my parents and I, the train was drawn out of the station and taking me away from home.After I calmed myself down, I began to examine the environment around me, I found I was seated amongst an extended family and near a man with an orange and red duffle bag.

About three hours later, I had to take a walk from my seat to the end of the car where W.C was located. Thanks to the elder sister from Peking University, who picked me out from the crowd, I walked through the aisle successfully, over legs, over luggage, over people, and got the access to W.C.

In the early morning, at a small town, we stopped to add helper units for the climb over the mountains at Badalin. Now, I got the right to enjoy the beautiful scene of the mountain in the sunshine because my stupidity and fright had been driven away by the passed hours.

The train stopped for a long time (30 minutes or more) at a station near Beijing, to cut out the helpers. The car turned warmer and warmer, and I became more and more excited.

My heart gave a leap when I heard the announcement that our train would soon arrive at its destination --- Beijing.

通过对以上文章的阅读和分析，原文缺少的是故事的结尾部分，即高潮，所以我们续写出高潮部分，保证了故事的完整性，全文也就自然的结束了。如果原文一直写到火车到站及出站的过程和作者的所见所闻，那我们能做的也只有去写“我”从第一次火车旅行中学到了什么以及它对“我”日后生活的影响了。以下是给大家的几点建议：

A.阅读完后，先去审题，判断故事的完整性。

B.如果故事完整，就去写一个完整而又独立的结论段，侧重于文中事件造成的后果和其对作者的影响。

C.如果故事不完整，给出故事一个完美的结尾并将之带入高潮，做到自然结尾。

(3)记叙文中不可能缺少开头段落，因为，像时间、地点、人物这些基本要素一般是出现在开头的，缺少后随机性太大。这里就不再详讲。

2. 当给出的文章是说明文时

在详谈这个问题之前，我们有必要了解一下说明文的一般结构形式及各部分的功能，如下表所示：

The first Para.

Introduction

Background information

Thesis statement

The Second Para.

Topic Sentence

Major Supporting sentences

Minor Supporting Sentences

Concluding Sentence

The Third Para.

Topic Sentence

Major Supporting sentences

Minor Supporting Sentences

Concluding Sentence

The Fourth Para.

Topic Sentence

Major Supporting sentences

Minor Supporting Sentences

Concluding Sentence

The last Para.

Conclusion

从上表中我们可以看出，说明文一般包括三个大的部分，即：开头段、数个主体段 (一般为2-3段) 和结论段；开头段由导入语和主题思想句组成，导入语的功能就在于做铺垫，导出主题思想句；主体段落是对主题思想句的分项分点的详细阐述和说明，每一个主体段落包括一个主题句，数个主要推展句和数个次要推展句(有时没有)；结论段是对全文的总结和概括，是对主题思想句的强调和深化，是对全文主题思想的升华。

我们考试所涉及的就是补充其中的某一个主体段落或是补充结论段，下面我们就如何有效合理地补写出所需段落作进一步的讲解。

(1) 当需要我们补写出主体段落之一时

其实，困扰大家的不外乎就两个问题，第一是写什么，第二是怎么写。下面我们就这两个问题展开讨论。

A.写什么？

写该写的，切不可信马由缰。那什么是该写的呢？如果不是很清楚，就去问thesis statement。因为，一个合格的thesis statement 不但是全文的中心思想句，而且还初步规定和限制了每一个主体段落的大体内容和全文的发展方式。这个问题的本质在于考察学生对thesis statement的作用的认识以及学生对文章的Unity和Coherence的把握。我们通过例文来验证这一点。

例文一：

Childhood Fears

I remember my childhood as being generally happy and can recall experiencing some of the most carefree times of my life. But I can also remember, even more vividly, moments of being deeply frightened. As a child, I was truly terrified of the dark, of getting lost, and of not being liked by others. These fears were very real and caused me some extremely uncomfortable moments.

Maybe it was the strange way things looked and sounded in my familiar room at night that scared me so much. There was never total darkness, but a streetlight or passing car lights made clothes hung over a chair take on the shape of an unknown beast. Out of the corner of my eye, I saw that the curtains seemed to move when there was no breeze. A tiny crack in the floor would sound a hundred times louder than in the daylight, and my imagination would take over, creating burglars and monsters. Darkness always made me feel so helpless, too. My heart would pound, and I would lie very still so that the “enemy” wouldn't discover me.

Perhaps, one of the worst fears I had as a child was that of not being liked by others. First of all, I was quite shy. Second, I worried constantly about my looks, thinking people wouldn't like me because I was too fat or wore braces. I tried to wear the “right” clothes and even had intense arguments with my mother over the importance of wearing the “flats” instead of saddle shoes to school. Being popular was so important to me then, and the fear of not being liked was a powerful one.

One of the processes of evolving from a child to an adult is being able to recognize and outgrow our fears. I've learned that darkness does not have to take on a life of its own, that others can help me when I'm lost, and that friendliness and sincerity will encourage people to like me. Understanding the things that scared us as children helps us to cope with our lives as adults.

上文要求我们补写出主体段落当中的第二段(共三段)，那么，到底应该写什么，我们通过对文章的分析来确定，分析如下：

Thesis statement：As a child, I was truly terrified of the dark, of getting lost, and of not being liked by others. These fears were very real and caused me some extremely uncomfortable moments.

Topic sentence in the first body paragraph: Maybe it was the strange way things looked and sounded in my familiar room at night that scared me so much.

Topic sentence in the second body paragraph: ?

Topic sentence in the third body paragraph: Perhaps,one of the worst fears I had as a child was that of not being liked by others.

Conclusion: I’ve learned that darkness does not have to take on a life of its own, that others can help me when I'm lost, and that friendliness and sincerity will encourage people to like me. Understanding the things that scared us as children helps us to cope with our lives as adults.

通过分析，第一主体段主要写的是：I was terrified of the dark； 第三主体段主要写的是：I was terrified of not being liked by others；第二主体段写什么是再明白不过的了，其主要内容是：I was terrified of getting lost。

在另外一些文章的Thesis statement 当中，没有很明确的给出类似于I was truly terrified of the dark, of getting lost, and of not being liked by others 的关键词，然而，我们也可以从主题思想句和其它的主体段落中获取足够的有效信息来完成答题。例如：

例文二：

What We Want from Sports

Students in our school have one thing in common --- an interest in sport. According to their different intentions in taking part in sports, they fall into three groups.

Many students go to the playground when they feel tired after a few hours of study. These students put much more stress on their study efficiency than the fun of sports. They just want to go back to their classroom from the playground with a clearer and quicker mind. Thus they don’t actually care whether they can enjoy themselves on the playground. Most of them chose long-distance running, the kind of exercise which few real sports enthusiasts like. So this group of students can be well labeled as study-oriented participants.

Students who make up the second group are real sports lovers. Sometimes they even put aside their studies for a match. They take part in the sports that interests them most, not caring whether it is most beneficial to their health. They may be called fun-oriented sports participants.

No matter which group we belong to, we all benefit from the sports. If you look around the campus, you will find that bookworms have disappeared, and, instead, there are healthy, strong, clever, modernized students everywhere.

本文当中的Thesis statement 中是没有包含关键词，但通过对比Thesis statement 和其它两个主体段落当中的主题句，仍然可发掘出有价值的线索。如下所示：

Thesis statement：According to their different intentions in taking part in sports, they fall into three groups.

Topic sentence in the first body paragraph: So this group of students can be well labeled as study-oriented participants.

Topic sentence in the second body paragraph: They may be called fun-oriented sports participants.

Topic sentence in the third body paragraph: ？

把Thesis statement当中的three groups和前两个主体段落当中的主题句相比较，我们不难看出第三段中应该写the third group是一些什么样的体育爱好者。也许是beauty-oriented sports participants,或许是strong body-oriented sports participants，也可能是colorful life-oriented sports participants等等。这种类型的考题较前一种而言，给考生自由发挥的空间较为广阔，但不能因此而置原文于不顾，发挥过度，适得其反。

现在就“写什么”的问题给出大家几点建议：

a. 仔细阅读，找准Thesis statement及其中的关键词。

b. 找出其它主体段落中的主题句，并将之与Thesis statement中的关键词进行逐一对比，从而确定缺少段落在主题句当中的关键词。

c. 根据已经被确定的关键词，参考其它段落的主题句，写出缺少段落的主题句。

d. 围绕主题句，应用类似于其它主体段落的写作方法，展开缺少段落。

B. 怎么写？

这个问题的本质在于考察我们对说明文的多种展开方式的认知和应用以及驾驭语言本身的能力。说明文的展开方式有很多，具体有：举例法 (exemplification)、进程分析法 (process analysis)、分解法和分类法 (division & classification)、因果分析法(cause and effect)、对比法或比较法(comparison & contrast)，除此之外，还有像列举法 (details)、叙述法 (narration)、定义法 (definition)、重复法 (repetition) 等多种展开方式。任何一篇说明文的展开，都是以上某种方式的单一应用或是几种方式的联合应用。所以，当我们处理“怎么写”的问题时，首先要做的是准确判断原文的写作方式和写作特点，以此来保证补写内容与原文的一致与连贯；同时，还要分析其它主体段落内部的展开方式和写作特点，并再补写缺少段时加以模仿。这才是我们处理“怎么写”的问题的正确途径。下面，我们以几段例文来说明这一点：

例文三：

Mall People

Having fun at entertainment centers can exhaust one’s pocket money or bank account. By the time a person has ridden the Ferris Wheel, the Crazy Mouse, Roller Coaster, and played video games, he may have little money left to buy movie tickets or eat a substantial dinner. As a result, he may turn from winning, dining and movie-going to the nearby free-parking, free-admission shopping malls. Indeed, shopping malls are not just a paradise for youngsters; it can offer much to all. Teenagers, lovers on dates, and the nuclear family can all be observed having a good time at this alternative recreation spot.

First of all, teenagers are the largest group of mall-goers. The boys saunter by in sneakers, T-shirts, and blue jeans, complete with a package of cigarettes sticking out of their pockets. The girls stumble along in high-heeled shoes and fancy hairstyles, with hairbrushes tucked in the rear pockets of their tight-fitting designer jeans. Traveling in a gang that resembles a wolf pack, the teenagers make the shopping mall their hunting ground. Their raised voices, loud laughter and occasional shouted obscenities can be heard from as far as half a mile away. They basically just come to “hang out”.

Apart from teenagers and lovers, nuclear family members can also be identified as the largest group of mall-goers. Mom, Dad and little Jenny or Fred, visit the mall on Friday and Saturday evenings. Mom walks around looking at various things until she discovers that Jenny is seeing some of the special mall exhibits geared toward little children, or in the case of Fred, he is heading for the place that young boys find appealing. Indeed, the mall provides something special for every member of the nuclear family.

In a word, the teenagers, lovers on dates and the nuclear family make up the majority of mall-goers. There are also gray-hairs, whose attention may suddenly be caught by some modern gadgets. These people may end up spending little money, but they need not purchase anything to find pleasure at the mall. They are shopping for inexpensive recreation, and the mall provides it.

从分析中我们可得知全文的展开方式是分类法(classification)，把经常光顾购物中心的人分为三大类，并在每一个主体段落中对其中的一类进行详细阐述。我们在补全缺少段落的时候，应该充分注意这个一致性，即所写内容也是对其中某一类的详尽阐述，以确保所写内容与原文写作方法上的一致和连贯。同时，我们也得知在原文的第一、三主体段落中，作者是用举例(developed by examples)的方法来进一步对主题句进行详细阐述的，所以我们在完成题目时应该效仿这种推展方法，用举例的方式完成缺少段，以此来保证各个主体段落中的写作方法的一致。

(2) 当需要我们补写出结论段时

A. 写什么？

确切地说，结论段的作用就是概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，使读者加深印象；有时也用于展望未来，提出今后方向或令人深思的问题给读者留下回味和思考的余地。而结论段的写作，也正是根据前文的内容和特点，选择最为合适的方法来达到最为理想的目的。

B. 怎样写？

a. 重复主题思想：回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到再次肯定和强调的效果。

举例如下：

例1

Topic: The Popularity of Sports

Thesis: Sports and games are not only the source of the strong body and strong mind, but also the components of happy life and happy work.

解析：在Thesis中包含了四组关键词，即source of the strong body, source of the strong mind, components of happy life, and components of happy work. 我们要做的就是，用另外的表达方式和句式结构来重述主题思想句的内容和精神，并且要包含关键词的精髓。试看下面的表达：

Conclusion: It is no wonder that sports and games give us strength and energy to make the life colorful, as well as the work meaningful. With all these benefits, the popularity of the sports is inevitable.

结论当中的四个词与主题思想句当中的关键词遥相呼应，既重申了主题思想，起到了深化主题的作用，又不显得单调和乏味，没有重复累赘之感。

例2

Topic: How to Choose the Major

Thesis: In choosing a major, a student has to consider various factors, such as personal interests, job opportunity and the availability of the training.

解析：在上面的主题思想句中，作者给出了选专业时要考虑的三个基本要素，我们再对此进行深化结尾的时候，也要充分考虑这三点，例如：

Conclusion: Nobody can deny the influence of these factors on our major-choosing, and everybody knows that personal interests will stimulate our eagerness for more knowledge, which makes us out of the successful in the coming years; at the same time, a well-chosen major will provide us numerous opportunities to own a rewarding job, and an available training in the college will encourage your contribution to the nation as well as the society. So, understanding the things that concerns with our major-choosing, as students, serves us with success and happiness.

b. 归纳主要观点：做出结论，文章最后用几句话概括全文的主要观点，并进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的观点。

例1

Thesis: There are more disadvantages than advantages in the use of TV.

没有具体的关键词，只有一个模糊概念：disadvantages

Main points:

a) Be bad for eyes

b) Waste time

c) Misguide the reality

以上三点是各个主体段落当中的主题句中的关键词组，都属于disadvantages of TV，确保与主题思想的和谐统一。

Conclusion: On the whole there are more disadvantages than advantages in the use of TV. It is really an eyesight-killer, time-consumer and life-distorter. Yet different people may have different attitude toward TV. But we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. Its value to people and society depends on how we make use of it.

例2

Thesis: When asked about the ambitions after graduation, A lot of students prefer getting the further study to applying for a job, and it is estimated that more than 60% senior students have the tendency of accepting the graduate education for the following reasons.

Main points:

a) some of them want to lead a better life.

b) Some of them are forced by the job opportunity in the future.

c) Some of them want to get more knowledge to reach their goals.

主要观点都是想接受本科后教育的原因，与reasons相一致

Conclusion: Whether attracted by colorful life or forced by jobs or pushed by eagerness for more knowledge, those who devote themselves to graduate study should be praised, because they may form a strong intellectual power in building our country and will symbolize the rising of our national education.

c. 展示结果：即提出建议或是展望未来，告诉读者，如果按照(或不按照)文章的建议去做，将会出现什么样的结果(提出建议法)，或是向读者发出号召和期待，并设想未来(展望未来法)，这样，既可升华主题，又寄希望于读者，是一种较为有效的结尾方式。我们应当试着应用于我们的习作当中。

例1

Thesis: Eating and reading are different completely, but they are quite similar in some ways by nature.

Main points:

a) To keep ourselves alive, we need eating. When we eat, we should regard eating as a pleasant enjoyment but not a passive acceptance for the sake of health.

b) To enrich our mind, we need reading. When we read, we should consider it as a pleasure instead of a burden.

Conclusion: Either eating or reading needs our sensibility, so please eat sensibly and read sensibly to give yourself a strong body and a healthy mind.——提出建议

例文：

Manners Are Important

As one looks about, it becomes very easy to conclude that good manners seem to be a thing of the past. More and more people seem to be discourteous to one another, more indicative of a “survival of the fittest” attitude than of living in a civilized society. Although much of what was considered good manners at the turn of the last century may no longer be appropriate, common courtesy and acceptable behavior are still necessary to make life pleasant, especially as our cities become more and more crowded. Although common courtesy is the underlying framework, good manners are manifested in two distinct areas, business and social relationships.

The world of business has become increasingly impersonal over the years. The fast development of computers has removed the personal touch from many business dealings. It is not uncommon, when phoning a company, to get a recorded message telling us which number to press. When we finally do get a live person on the other end, he often seems uncaring. Good business sense would dictate the importance of getting back to the personal touch. The speaker should identify himself by name to the caller and make every effort to be courteous and helpful. Above all, he should take great pains to assure the call is not disconnected. In addition, he should make certain that the caller is connected to his party and not kept waiting long while listening to canned music. Good manners will assure happy, loyal customers.

Good manners are, perhaps, most frequently associated with social relationships. Unfortunately, here again they seem to be in decline. Giving up one's seat on a crowded bus to an elderly person, a pregnant woman, or an obviously tired person seems to be a thing of the past. People also seem to have forgotten how to behave as an audience. It is not uncommon to see people putting their feet up on the seats in front of them or talking loudly during a movie or play. Even restaurants are not immune from the lack of good manners. Young parents do not seem to care that their children are roaming throughout the restaurant or are crying and disturbing the other guests. These examples touch only the surface of the rapid decline of good manners.

重复主题思想法

Despite of the decline of the good manners, they show both the inside and outside of man. They are the first step and the underlying factors of success in business and social relationships. Since we are all creatures in the same society, there is a responsibility for us to keep and develop the good manners go forwards.

归纳主要观点法

Although some people deny that the decline of good manners is becoming a black sheep in our moral world inevitably, it carries a far-reaching bad influence to the business management and social relationship. It keeps the businessman away from their customers, as well as the common people out of the door of social communication.

提出建议展望未来法

Anyhow, whether good manners continue declining or not, one thing is certain, that is good manners can never be out of date, but essential part of life. If every one could care much about good manners in daily life, what a more pleasant life atmosphere we would create for ourselves and for everyone around you.

(3)在历年考试中，没有出现过缺少开头段的题型，所以我们这里不作详解。但提醒大家一句，一旦出现，也不必慌张，用我们完成结论段的方法再加上一个导入语，就是一个完美的开头段。即从原文的结论段和主体段中寻求有用信息，从而归纳总结出主题思想，加上导入语，成为开头段。

3. 当所给文章是议论文或描写文时

从历年考题和命题的指导原则来看，这种情况出现概率很低，我们就不赘述了，大家在备考的过程中，对议论文的结论部分略作注意就可以了，以防意外发生。

考点2：书写提纲的答题技巧

Topic：XXX (标题)

Thesis：XXX(必须是句子)

Outline：(看清是主题提纲还是句子提纲)

I.XXX(main idea 1)

A.XXX (sub-idea 1)

1.XXX (supporting detail 1)

2.XXX (supporting detail 2)

B.XXX (sub-idea 2)

1.

2.

II.XXX(main idea 2)

III.XXX (main idea 3)

IV.Conclusion: XXX