Referencing and Substitution作为雅思大作文评分标准的另外2个方面，我们可以从这些方面去分析：1. 人称代词的一致性；2. 指示代词（主要有四个：this, that, these, those）；3. 非限制性定语从句 which 指代前一个句子；4. this/these + summary phrase（用单词或短语对上一句话进行概括）；5. using synonyms（同义词替换）。

之前我已经给大家分析了雅思大作文评分标准中 cohesion 包括的三个方面：

1. transition signals

2. referencing by using pronouns

3. using substitution

今天我们接着说第2和3部分。

Referencing and Substitution

1. 人称代词的一致性

2. 指示代词（主要有四个：this, that, these, those）

(1) 指代前文提到的事物，不同的词表示远近和单复数的不同，小学内容，不赘述。

I love this book.

I love that book.

I love these books.

I love those books.

(2) 可以用 this 和 that 指前面提到的整句话或观点。这种情况下，两者几乎没有差别：

The increase in population means more pollution, caused by more cars on the road, more factories, more farming and more household chemicals. This can have a serious effect on human and animal health.（This指代前面的整句话）

3. 非限制性定语从句 which 指代前一个句子

提示：仅适用于英联邦语法体系，参加北美考试的考生勿用。

段落来自剑桥雅思10第166页考官范文第二段

A country's history, language and ethos are all inextricably bound up in ①its manufactured artefacts. If the relentless advance of international brands into every corner of the world continues, ②these bland packages might one day completely oust the traditional objects of a nation, ③which would be a loss of richness and diversity in the world, as well as the sad disappearance of the manifestations of a place's character. What would a Japanese tea ceremony be without ④its specially crafted teapot, or a Fijian kava ritual without ⑤its bowl made from a certain type of tree bark?

③which就是一个非限制定语从句，which指代前面的句子。

段落中 ①-⑤ 就是对前面提到的 cohension 中的 referencing 很好呈现，你都能看得出来吗？比如 ②these 就是指代前面句子中的 international brands，⑤its 就是指代前句中的 Fijian kava ritual。

4. this/these + summary phrase（用单词或短语对上一句话进行概括）

还是刚刚那篇文章，下面是开头段

It is said that countries are becoming similar to each other because of the global spread of the same products, which are now available for purchase almost anywhere. I strongly believe that this modern development is largely detrimental to culture and traditions worldwide.

this modern development 就替代了前面的 countries are becoming similar ......,

再来看看文章的结尾段

Some may argue that all people are entitled to have access to the same products, but I say that local objects suit local conditions best, and that faceless uniformity world wide is an unwelcome and dreary prospect.

(1) but 和 and 是之前我们说过的 transition signals；

(2) 其次，that faceless uniformity 就是指代全文关键词：countries are becoming similar

有没有发现，这些考官范文就是牛逼！

5. using synonyms（同义词替换）

这个是最好理解的，纯粹的考查词汇量。比如下面这个官方范例中就用 celebrities 代替了 famous people.

记住今天的这5个知识点了吗？对于提升文章的 cohesion 还有两个适用的妙招呢，下次给大家分享。